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There exists a vast gap between potential productivity and actual productivity of black gram being realized at present. Apart from other agronomical management practices, imbalanced plant nutrition is the major constraint to higher productivity of the crop. Proper fertilization is essential to improve the productivity of black gram. It can meet its nitrogen requirements by symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

The nutrients which need attention are phosphorus fertilization. Black gram being a leguminous crop, requires adequate amount of phosphorus as well as apart from other nutrients these are directly involved in growth and development of plant.
Phosphorus is an integral component of virtually all the biochemical compounds that make plant life possible. Its response is known in presently available black gram varieties. Nitrogen as well as phosphorus (Singh et al., 2008) is essential for normal growth and development of black gram. Phosphorus application to black gram increases plant growth, yield attributes and grain yield. Phosphorus promotes early root formation and the formation of lateral, fibrous and healthy roots which is very important for nodule formation and to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Different varieties of black gram have varying nutrient demand and climate adaptability. Therefore, selection of appropriate adoptable variety requires immediate and large efforts in the direction of an improved varieties for a particular tract and its distribution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted at the Student instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, AKS University, Satna, (M.P.) during the kharif season of 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design in factorial concept with four phosphorus levels viz., control (no fertilizer), 40, 50 and 60 kg P2O5 /ha and three black gram varieties were tested are V1- PU-31, V2- PRATAP-1 and V3- IPU-2-43. The recommended dose of N 20 kg/ha through urea and 60 Kg K2O /ha through MOP was applied at the time of sowing. The phosphorus was applied as per treatments through single super phosphate. The experimental plot size was 5.0 m 3.5 m. The crop was sown on July, 20th 2019. The line to line spacing was kept 30 cm using seed rate of 20 kg/ha. A distance of 10 cm was maintained between plant to plant in rows. Hand weeding was done at 25 days after sowing. The observations on five randomly selected plants from each treatment were recorded at maturity. The crop was harvested on 10th October, 2019.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Varying levels of phosphorus significantly influenced the plant height (49.69 cm), number of branches per plant (8.56), number of pods per plant (16.41), number of seeds/pod (8.85) and 1000- seed weight (36.80 g) over control (Table- 1). There occurred significant increase with each increase in treatment (P3) phosphorus levels up to 60 kg P2O5/ha. The results are in conformity with those of Yadav et al. (2007). The positive effect of phosphorus application on number of pods per plant might be due to better enzymatic activities which controlled flowering and pod formation. Application of varying levels of phosphorus significantly improved the seed yield of black gram over control (Table- 1). Application of 60 kg P2O5 /ha fetched net returns of Rs. 14474.00/ha with the same B: C ratio of 1.77:1 (Table- 2). The higher seed yield with higher phosphorus rates was attributable to better nodulation and efficient functioning of nodule bacteria for fixation of N to be utilized by plants during grain development stage in the synthesis of protein as reflected in N uptake which in turn led to increase in seed yield. Similar findings were observed by Singh et al. (2011) and Das (2017). The grain yield is known to have positive association with these characters. However, higher levels of phosphorus i.e. 60 kg P2O5 /ha were at par with respect to nutrient uptake. The increase in yield and yield attributes with increased phosphorus application rates was perhaps due to efficient and effective role of N fixing bacteria. These results are in accordance with the findings of Duhan (2014).

Black gram variety IPU- 2-43 registered highest plant height (48.11 cm), number of branches per plant (7.44), number of pods per plant (15.44), number of seeds/pod (8.14) and 1000- seed weight (34.62 g) compared to PU- 31 and Pratap- 1 (Table- 1). Similar type of variations in yield attributing parameters of various genotypes has been reported by Kumar et al. (2007). This may be due to its better growth and yield attributing characters to cv. PU- 31 and Pratap- 1. The superiority of cv. IPU- 2-43 was owing to its better source to sink supply than in other varieties. The higher net returns of Rs. 13407.00/ha (Table- 2) was obtained with variety IPU- 2-43. The benefit cost ratio was also higher with variety IPU- 2-43 (1.73:1) compared with others. The higher net return and benefit cost ratio were the resultant of higher yield recorded in the former variety and hence all economic constituents vary among different varieties. Similar findings have also been reported by Rajput and Rajput (2017). Variable response of black gram varieties in respect of growth and yield was also reported by Ganeshamurthy et al. (2007).

Table 2: Effect of Different Levels of Phosphorus and Varieties on Economics of Black Gram

Treatment	Net monetary return (Rs/ha)	B: C ratio
	Effect of phosphorus levels
P0	11676.00	1.67
P1	11704.00	1.64
P2	13078.00	1.70
P3	14474.00	1.77
S. Em±	127.699	0.007
C.D.(P=0.05)	376.945	0.020
	Effect of varieties
V1	12270.00	1.67
V2	12522.00	1.69
V3	13407.00	1.73
S. Em±	110.591	0.006
C.D.(P=0.05)	326.44	0.017
	Interaction effect between phosphorus and varieties
P0V1	11432.00	1.65
P0V2	11427.00	1.62
P0V3	12112.00	1.65
P1V1	14108.00	1.75
P1V2	11444.00	1.66
P1V3	11573.00	1.63
P2V1	12583.00	1.68
P2V2	14489.00	1.77
P2V3	12151.00	1.70
P3V1	12112.00	1.66
P3V2	14540.00	1.78
P3V3	14824.00	1.78
S. Em±	221.81	0.011
C.D.(P=0.05)	652.888	0.034

 

Acknowledgement

Author is thankful to T.singh  prof & head agronomy,department of agronomy AKS University satna for very kindly providing all the experimental facilities and help in completion of present research work.

CONCLUSION

Based upon this experiment it is concluded that application of higher level of phosphorus at the rate of 60 kg/ ha with the black gram variety on IPU- 2-43 recorded the maximum growth and grain yield of black gram.

REFERENCES

Das, S. K. (2017). Effect of phosphorus and sulphur on yield attributes, yield, nodulation and nutrient uptake of black gram. Legume Research, 40, 138-143.
Duhan, B. S. (2014). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and FYM on yield and nutrient uptake by green gram. Haryana Journal of Agronomy, 30, 82-84.
Ganeshamurthy, A. N., Srinivasarao, C., & Ali, M. (Comparative performance and phosphorus utilization efficiency of mung bean cultivars grown on a typicustochrept. Journal of Food Legumes, 2007).  20, 55-58.
Kumar, A., Singh, N. P., Singh, V. K., Rana, N. S., & Singh, A. (2007). Effect of planting dates on yield and nutrient uptake by mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilezeck) and urd bean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) varieties during spring season. Journal of Farming system Research and Development, 13, 280-283.
Rajput, B. S., & Rajput, R. L. (2017). Response of promising-rainy summer season black gram genotypes to phosphorus fertilization. Legume Research, 40, 170-172.
Singh, G., Ram, H., Sekhon, H. S., Aggarwal, N., Kumar, M., Kaur, P., Kaur, J., & Sharma, P. (2011). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on productivity of summer mung bean sown after wheat. Journal of Food Legumes, 24, 327-329.
Singh, G., Sekhon, H. S., & Sharma, P. (2008). Effect of fertilizer application on nodulation, growth and yield of summer mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Indian Journal of Ecology, 35, 28-30.
Yadav, A. K., Kins, V., & Abraham, T. (2007). Response of bio-biofertilizers poultry manure to different levels of phosphorus nodulation and yield of black gram (Vigna radiata L.). Agricultural Science Digest, 27, 213-215.