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India holds first position in the world banana (Musa paradisiaca) production (FAO statistics, 2019). Banana is an edible fruit produced by plants of genus Musa which is a herbaceous perennial that is grown mainly in the tropics. In India, Musa paradisiaca is commonly cultivated. Both raw and ripe forms of banana are consumed by people (Mohapatra, Mishra & Sutar, 2010). In Kerala, raw banana is mainly used for banana chips production. There will be a great demand for chips especially during festive season. As a result large amount of waste is generated from chips manufacturing units in form of banana peel which is a highly perishable product when kept in open. Vegetable and fruit wastes could be effectively incorporated in livestock ration thereby reducing environmental pollution (Bakshi, Wadhwa & Makkar, 2016).

Banana peel is rich in fibre, vitamin B6, vitamin C, potassium, antioxidants, magnesium and low in sugar, fats and cholesterol (Dhake, Jain & Lakhawat, 2019). High contents of carbohydrate and fibre in banana peel can also produce a laxative effect in the animal. Generally banana peel is used as an unconventional feed for ruminants (Pimentel et al., 2017). Ensiling can be done to preserve the banana peel and can be used for feeding ruminants later (Elahi et al., 2018). Ruminants especially goats are considered to be better converter of fibrous feeds which enables the efficient utilisation of several unconventional feeds and roughages. Hence raw banana peel silage has the potential to be an alternative livestock feed for cattle and goats. Only limited researches had been conducted on scope of raw banana peel silage. Hence the present study was conducted to determine the method of raw banana peel silage preparation and its quality assessment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A preliminary study was conducted in Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode to determine a standardised method for raw banana peel silage preparation and to analyse its quality. Raw banana peel procured from local banana chips shops was used for silage preparation. The whole study was conducted as three trials. In the first trial, raw banana peel was chopped manually to a length of 2 cm or less to ensure better packaging. This was filled compactly in plastic buckets and sealed anaerobically. Silage samples were kept in triplicates and these buckets were incubated for 45 days (Elahi et al., 2018). After the specified time the buckets were opened and assessed the silage quality (Jais & Rashid, 2017).
In the second trial, the ensiling period was fixed as 21, 28, 30, 35 and 45 days. Different sets of silage samples were prepared by filling, chopped banana peel compactly in double layer polythene covers and then kept in buckets and later these buckets were subsequently sealed anerobically. After the specified ensiling period, pH and physical characteristics were determined in triplicates (Jais & Rashid, 2017).
In the third trial, additives such as urea, salt and jaggery were added at the levels of 0.50, 1.00 and 3.00 per cent respectively along with chopped banana peel. They were filled in double layer polythene covers and kept in buckets and later these buckets were sealed anerobically. A total of four sets (banana peel without additives, banana peel with urea, banana peel with salt and banana peel with jaggery) with triplicates each were ensiled and each set opened periodically from 21st to 28th day. Later the pH and physical characteristics of silage were analysed (Jais & Rashid, 2017). From these three trials, the best method was chosen for silage preparation in bulk.
Proximate principles of silage and banana peel were analysed as per the methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2016). Van Soest method of fibre determination (Van Soest, Robertson & Lewis, 1991) was carried out to determine neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF). The calcium and phosphorus content of samples were determined by standard procedure (AOAC, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the first trial ie, when the ensiling period was 45 days it was found that the silage got spoiled and became a blackish liquid material with a foul smell. In the second trial, it was observed that silage with an ensiling period of 35 and 45 days were spoiled, while that opened after 21, 28 and 30 days ensiling period was found to be in good condition. The pH of silage with the ensiling period of 21, 28 and 30 days were analysed in triplicates by using pH meter (EUTECH) and found as 6.66, 5.34 and 5.66 respectively. Based on the above results the maximum ensiling period for silage from banana peel without any additives was fixed as 28 days and these results were in agreement with observations of Hansson (2012) and Jais and Rashid (2017). In the third trial, it was found that banana peel with jaggery combination gave silage of good condition and fruity odour with the lowest pH (3.90) while urea combination and salt combination got spoiled.

The characteristics of different combinations of raw banana peel silage prepared in third trial are given in Table 1. Based on the preliminary study, it was concluded that raw banana peel with 3.00 per cent jaggery combination when ensiled for 24 days gave silage of desired type and hence the same method was used for silage preparation in bulk. Table 2 represents characteristics of silage prepared in bulk. Chemical composition of banana peel and silage are indicated in Table 3.

Table 1:  Characteristics of different combinations of silage in third trial

SILAGE	ENSILING PERIOD IN DAYS
	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	COLOUR OF SILAGE
	pH
Banana peel	6.66	6.23	6.35	6.18	5.92	5.68	5.45	5.34	Greenish brown
Banana peel + urea	8.37	8.32	8.16	7.90	6.80	5.94	6.21	Spoiled	Blackish green
Banana peel + jaggery	5.02	4.68	4.29	3.90	3.98	4.11	4.26	4.51	Yellowish brown
Banana peel + salt	5.69	5.75	5.81	5.84	5.98	6.03	Spoiled	Spoiled	Greenish black

Table 2: Characteristics of raw banana peel silage

Table 3: Chemical composition of banana peel and silage

* - Average of five values with SE

CONCLUSION

Based on this pilot study it was concluded that ensiling period for banana peel with jaggery as an additive at three per cent level was 24 days. The physical characteristics as well as the chemical composition indicate that raw banana peel silage can be used as substitute for roughage. Since raw banana peel is available plenty in Kerala it can be preserved as silage in bulk and can be used later for feeding ruminants.

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode, Wayanad for the necessary facilities and fund allotted for the research.

REFERENCES

AOAC [Association of Official Analytical Chemists] (2016). Official Methods of Analysis. (20th Ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. 85p.
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Dhake, K., Jain, S. K., & Lakhawat, S. S. (2019). Value addition in green banana for rural employment generation. Food Engng, 59(1),1-11.
Elahi, M. Y., Yusuf, A. O., Torshabi, A., Fazaeli, H., Dehghani, M. R., & Salem, A. Z. (2018). Ensiling pretreatment of banana waste by-products: influences on chemical composition and environmental rumen biogas and fermentation. Waste Biomass Valori. 9,1-9.
Food and Agricultural Organisation statistics (2019). World Food and Agricultural statistical pocketbook, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. 254p.
Hansson, U. (2012). Ensiling characteristics of banana peelings. Bachelor’s Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 39p.
Jais, M. A., & Rashid, H. N. M. (2017). Alternative livestock feed from fermented banana peel. J. Academia, 5(1),1-8.
Mohapatra, D., Mishra, S., & Sutar, N. (2010). Banana and its by-product utilisation: an overview. J. Scient. and Ind. Res., 69, 323-329.
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Pimentel, P. R. S., Rocha Junior, V. R., Melo, M. T. P. D., Ramos, J. C. P., Cardoso, L. G., & Silva, J. J. P. (2016). Feeding behaviour of F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows fed increasing levels of banana peel. Acta Sci. Anim. Sci., 38(4),431-437.
Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 10,3583-3597.