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The origin of SHG is from the brainchild of Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, which was founded by Mohammed Yunus. SHG were started and formed in 1975. In India NABARD is initiated in 1986-87 but the real effort was taken after 1991-92 from the linkage of SHGs with the banks. Self-help group is a small group of people who are living in the same area in similar or varied activities, maintaining almost equal living standard a political and secular, aiming to achieve a common goal that is prosperity through thrift and credit and also facing similar problems, help each other to solve their problems (Raheem & Sultana, 2007). SHGs are given freedom of charging interest from their members at the rate as decided by group consensus.

Recovery is to be mechanism of peer pressure. The process helped SHG members imbibe the essentials of financial intermediation, including prioritization of needs, setting terms and condition and maintaining books of accounts. This was their learning ground before they could be in a position to handle bigger size funds by way of credits from banks. (NABARD, 2020). Self Help Groups (SHGs) are small voluntary association of people from the same socio-economic background with a purpose of solving their common problems through self-help and mutual help. In other words, it is an association of people who have common problems that cannot be solved individually, but only through joint action. These groups are known by different names in different places. Some of the terms used in India for these groups are - Sangha, Samooh, Mandal, Dangham and Samiti etc. depending upon the region (Kumar, 2006). During the year 2019-20 the number of SHGs increased by 2.29 lakh with a corresponding increase in saving by Rs. 2,827.57 crore as on March 2020.The saving outstanding of SHG with Banks as on March 2020 has reached an all-time high of Rs. 26,152.05 crore. In view of the economic importance of SHGs in women empowerment a study on Socio-economic profile of SHG women s were under taken.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Expos facto research design was used with well-constructed interview schedule. Anantapur district was purposively selected based on the highest number of SHGs in Andhra Pradesh. Three Mandals namely Bukkapatnam, Kothacheruvu and Puttaparthi were randomly selected for the research study. Two villages from each mandal were randomly selected and from each village 20 SHG members were selected thus making the total number of respondents to 120.

Sl. No.	Independent variables	Empirical measurement
1	Age	Modified Trivedi (1963)
2	Caste	Trivedi (1963)
3	Education	Trivedi (1963)
4	Family size	Trivedi (1963)
5	Land holding	Modified Trivedi (1963)
6	Extension contact	Schedule developed for study
7	Information source use	Schedule developed for study

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Socio Economic Profile of SHG members
Human beings are not free agents without being influenced by personal, social and economic background. These conditions are also the limitations in achieving good results. The socio-economic conditions play an important role in accepting advanced technologies. Therefore, investigation was made to find out the socio-economic conditions under which the respondents were living and practicing various enterprises.

Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to Socio-economic profile(n=120)

Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to Extension contact (n = 120)

Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to Use of information (n=120)

 

Age: It was observed from the table 1 that among the age group, majority (50%) of respondents belonged to middle age 30 to 50 years followed by young age group (35.83%) and old age group (14.16%). The study therefore concluded that majority of the women SHG members belonged to middle age group engaged in various enterprises.
It is presumed that age of is an essential for their participation and involvement in developmental activities. Hence the majority of the SHG members belonged to middle age.
Education: It was observed from the table 1 that 55.8 percent and 28.33 percent respondents received high school and primary education, respectively and 8.33 percent respondents had got the opportunity for higher education i.e. college level and above. However, 7.5 percent respondents were found illiterate. The data revealed that the majority of the respondents possess higher education. This might be attributed to presence of High school in village premises and awareness of importance of education.
Family: It was observed from the table 1 it can be observed that out of the total 120 respondents most of the respondents belong to the joint family category i.e. 81.66% while the rest 18.33% respondents belong to the nuclear family category. The study revealed that the research study was mainly focused on the opinion and activities of the respondents of joint family category. This might be due to awareness of importance of importance of joint family so that they might possess increased purchasing power parity.
Marital status: From the table 1 it was observed that majority (90 %) of the respondents were married while 10% respondents were unmarried. It concluded majority of respondents were married. The possible reason might be as majority of the respondents were middle aged (30 to 50 years) and were married.
Occupation: From the table 1 it was observed that majority of respondents i.e. 55% belong to the agriculture community while (23.33%) of respondents were agricultural labour. It was observed that (14.66%) respondents occupation was animal husbandry followed by 7.5% were doing business. This may be concluded that most of the respondents notified Agriculture as their occupation. Majority of the respondents have agriculture as the primary occupation as they were having small land holding and depend on agriculture as a source of livelihood from several generations.
Caste: It was revealed from the table 1 that (45%) of respondents belonged to O.B.C. (other backward class) caste followed by general caste (24.16%). Only (20.83%) of scheduled caste people were involved in various enterprises. And it was observed that (10%) population belonged to Schedule Tribe classes in the area under study. The possible reason might be that majority of the hamlets in the survey area belongs to other backward caste.
Social Participation: It was observed that majority of respondents i.e. 84.16% did not had any other membership in other informal groups other than SHGs. Only (11.66%) of respondents were members of another informal group and only (4.16%) of respondents were members of a formal organization. This concluded the respondents did not have any membership other than SHG.
Majority (84.16%) of the respondents were members of SHGs. The plausible reason might be that well awareness of economic significance of being member of SHG in meeting their day to day activities and not interested in becoming member of any other informal group.
Land Holding: From table 1 it was revealed that maximum women SHG members were having land up to 1 acre i.e. 49.16%. Next to it 34.16 % of respondents were landless. Very less amount of respondents i.e. 11.66% were having land size up to 1-2 acre and only 5% of respondents were having land up to 2-5 acre. Thus, it can be concluded that majority of respondents were found to possess up to 1.0 acre of their landholding. This might be due to fragmented land holdings in the survey area.
House Type: It was found from the table 4.1.9., majority (70.83%) of the respondents were having pucca houses followed by kutcha houses (20%). 9.16% respondents were having mixed type houses. It can be concluded that, the respondents had good housing facilities. The possible reason might be majority of the beneficiaries of PM Awas Yojana.
Extension contact: from table 2 majority of the SHG members were in contact with Agriculture Extension Officer with mean score 2.45 followed by NGO personnel 2.25 and Bank personnel 2.15 mean score. Majority of SHG members were having regular contact with extension functionaries due to availability of Village Agriculture Assistant at village level and attending training programmes and demonstrations conducted by extension functionaries.

Use of information: It was observed from the table 3 that the SHG members were mostly using the information obtained through television with mean score 2.4 and newspaper with 2.18 score among mass media. Demonstration with 1.57 mean score ranked last among mass media. Friends and relatives with mean score 2.45 score ranked 1st among Personal localites followed by Neighbors with mean score 2.35. It may be concluded that the farmers were mostly using the information obtained through television, friends and relatives, newspaper and neighbors in decreasing order of importance. Majority of the SHG members obtained information through television and friends and neighbors due to possession of TV and recurrent interaction with friends to discuss various farm enterprises.

Table 4: Correlation of independent variables with adoption level of respondents

** . Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)