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Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences (IJPAB)
Year : 2020, Volume : 8, Issue : 4
First page : (600) Last page : (611)
Article doi: : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8196

Evaluation of Indigenous and Introduced Bivoltine Silkworm Breeds Along With Identification of Promising Heterotic and Hybrids

Kritika Sharma¹ and Rubia Bukhari^2*
1PG Scholar, Division of Sericulture, SKUAST-JAMMU, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir India
²Lecturer PG Department of Sericulture, Poonch Campus, University of Jammu, India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: rubiabukhari@gmail.com
Received: 3.06.2020  |  Revised: 7.07.2020   |  Accepted: 10.07.2020 

 ABSTRACT

The major aims of the breeding program are bespoke hybrids of mulberry silkworm to rearers which produce higher and sustain crops in different climate conditions. Moreover, silkworm breeds/hybrids which perform consistently good under adverse climatic conditions are considered as stable. In order to introduce bivoltine races in a temperate country, it is necessary to have stability in cocoon crop under high-temperature environments. Silkworm breeding is a continuous process to achieve a goal by bringing genetic improvement through recombination of genes by crossing two pure stocks. Cross breeding is extensively used in silkworm improvement as a mean of exploiting heterosis. Heterosis breeding has been recognized as the most suitable methodology for augmenting cocoon yield in silkworm. The required goal of increasing cocoon productivity in quickest possible time can be achieved through heterosis only. The phenomenon of heterosis and its utility in silkworm studies are widely popular and the estimates of heterosis over mid-parent value will be useful in measuring the genetic potential of hybrid combinations.

Keywords: Bombyx mori L., Heterosis, Bivoltine breeds, Hybrid vigour, Crop improvement

Full Text : PDF; Journal doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782

Cite this article: Sharma, K., & Bukhari, R. (2020). Evaluation of Indigenous and Introduced Bivoltine Silkworm Breeds Along With Identification of Promising Heterotic and Hybrids, Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. 8(4), 600-611. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8196

INTRODUCTION

India is the second largest producer of raw silk in the world next to China with an annual production of 36,152 MT (2020) (CSB, 2020) but the raw silk yarn is of low standard due to multivoltine nature. Besides this, other reason behind low standard of silk is the tropical climatic conditions of the country with marginal sub-tropical and temperate sericultural areas. In tropical areas of the country, multi x bi hybrids are reared and the silk produced is not of superior quality and as such is not sold at International market. Thus, there is a great need and scope for improving bivoltine sericulture in India which is possible only in sub-tropical and temperate areas of the country (Datta, 1984).
The major aims of the breeding program are bespoke hybrids of mulberry silkworm to rearers which produce higher and sustain crops in different climate conditions. Moreover, silkworm breeds/hybrids which perform consistently good under adverse climatic conditions are considered as stable. In order to introduce bivoltine races in a temperate country, it is necessary to have stability in cocoon crop under high-temperature environments. The prerequisite of summer hybrid is healthiness and adaptability to adverse conditions of high temperature, low food quality, relatively higher economic traits, with the potential for increased cocoon production (Kumar et al., 2011). A significant impact of silkworm hybrids through the exploitation of hybrid vigour where introduce through several scientists across the sericulture countries to increased quantitative and qualitative silk productivity besides crop stability on a commercial scale and succeeded in the development bivoltine silkworm hybrids (Harada, 1961; Mano et al., 1982; He et al., 1991; Chen et al., 1994; Basavaraja et al., 1995; Rajalakshmi et al., 1998; Datta et al., 2000; Rao et al., 2001; Kumar et al., 2004, Jalali et al., 2011; Khan, 2015 and Ghazy et al., 2017).
The state of Jammu and Kashmir with diverse climatic conditions viz., sub-tropical in Jammu plains, warm temperate in Jammu hills and cool humid in Kashmir valley makes it ideally suitable to rear bivoltine races for the production of quality bivoltine silk. It being a traditional bivoltine silk producing state produces around 25 per cent of the total bivoltine raw silk of the country (Naik et al., 1996). From time to time, various bivoltine silkworm hybrids evolved by the southern states of the country have been recommended by ‘Central Silk Board’ for commercial exploitation (Rajalakshmi et al.,1998) and have been tried in J&K state also but the performance at state level has not yielded much results. The required goal of increasing the bivoltine cocoon productivity in the quickest possible time frame can be achieved through identification of heterotic season and region specific bivoltine hybrids. To achieve the target, fusion of new gene combinations by genetic manipulation is one of the powerful tools in exploiting the commercial qualities of bi x bi hybrids. As per available literature, manifestation of heterosis in silkworm has been demonstrated by many breeders (Tayade, 1987; Stuber, 1994; Nagaraju, 2002; Talebi & Subramanya, 2009).
Therefore, heterosis breeding has been recognized as the most suitable methodology for augmenting cocoon yield in silkworm. The required goal of increasing cocoon productivity in quickest possible time can be achieved through heterosis only. The phenomenon of heterosis and its utility in silkworm studies are widely popular and the estimates of heterosis over mid-parent value will be useful in measuring the genetic potential of hybrid combinations. Keeping this background in mind the present literature pertaining to evaluate and identify highly adaptive indigenous bivoltine silkworm breeds and to develop productive hybrids through heterosis have been reviewed and presented as follows:
Exploitation of heterosis through hybridization proved revolutionary in silkworm for economic traits and triggered changes in quantitative and qualitative silk output for maximize the cocoon yield, decrease in larval mortality, increase in filament length and lowering of renditta. A brief account of available literature that has direct/indirect bearing on the present topic is as under:
Singh et al. (1994) found that the degree of heterosis varied considerably for several quantitative characters of F1 hybrids in two rearing seasons. During July-August hybird BL-43 × NB4D2 exhibited significantly positive heterosis over mid parent values for fecundity and yield /10,000 larvae (by no. and wt.) and cocoon shell weight during Nov-Dec.
Thangavelu (1997) studied the economic characters of popular bivoltine races NB7, NB18, NB4D2, KA, CC1 and CA2. Races CC1 performed better in comparison to other races in respect of fecundity (500-600), survival (90-95 %), cocoon weight (1.70-2.0 g), shell weight (0.34-0.40 g) and filament length (900 to 1050 m). 
Datta (1999) identified seven highly productive bivoltine hybrids viz., CSR-2 × CSR-5, CSR-2 × CSR-4, CSR-3 × CSR-6, CSR-12 × CSR-6, CSR-13 × CSR-5, CSR-16 × CSR-17 and CSR-20 × CSR-29. The hybrids recorded pupation rate of 89.70 to 94.70 per cent; shell ratio of 23.00 to 24.40 per cent; raw silk recovery of 18.0 to 19.90 per cent; filament length of 1176 to 1328 m and renditta of 5.0 to 5.60.
Kumar et al. (1999) tested double hybrids on the basis of heterosis for pupation rate and fecundity. Twenty one promising foundation crosses involving productive bivoltine pure breeds were identified and tested for double cross combinations. A total number of hundred and ten, double cross hybrid combinations were evaluated on the basis of their performance, cocoon uniformity test and post cocoon parameters by applying multiple trait evaluation index method. Six double cross hybrid combinations were short listed and two double cross hybrids viz., (CSR6 × CSR2) × (CSR2 × CSR27) and (CSR6 ×CSR20) × (CSR21 × CSR29) were found suitable on the basis of high evaluation index for four major economic traits viz; pupation rate, cocoon yield, silk recovery and filament length.
Singh et al. (2000) studied hybrid vigour in twenty seven crosses over mid parent value. High heterosis was observed in B104 × KA (16.47%) followed by A104 × NB4D2 (14.94%) and A101 x NB4D2 (11.28%). Highly significant hybrid vigour for cocoon shell weight was observed in B103 × KA (32.75%) followed by B102 x CC1 (27.86%) and B104 × KA (14.71). Heterosis effect for cocoon shell ratio was higher in B103 × KA (18.50%) followed by B104 x KA (8.37%) and B102 x CC1 (5.49%).
Kumar et al. (2000) selected CSR bivoltine hybrid material for estimation of heterobeltosis at 25 ± 10C and 36 ± 10C temperature. At 36 ± 10C the parental breeds CSR2, CSR3, CSR4, CSR5, and CSR6 did not pupate. On the other hand, parents viz. CSR18 and CSR19, survived at 36 ± 10C and its heterosis and heterobeltosis could be calculated both at and 36 ± 10C and 25 ± 10C.
Begum et al. (2000) analyzed forty-four hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L. for eight economic traits in respect of mid parent value (heterosis) and better parent value (heterobeltiosis) and percentage improvement over control hybrid KA × NB4D2. Five hybrids A × CSR5, A x J2, A × 935A, B × 935E and G × A1 were identified. Among these hybrids, A x J2, A × 935A and GxA1 showed higher heterosis for most of the quantitative traits during spring season. However two hybrids A × CSR6 and A × 935A showed significant improvement for yield by weight through least significant improvement for yield by weight through least significant  difference (l.s.d.) value (P<0.05).
Kalpana et al. (2000) made an attempt to identify productive thin denier hybrids with longer filament length by utilizing thin denier breeds along with productive breeds. A total of 42 hybrids were studied for combining ability. Majority of the hybrids expressed positive heterosis for both filament length and denier, however hybrid JPN8 × CSR5 exhibited positive heterosis for filament length (1420m & vigour-6.010) but negative heterosis for denier (2.53d and hybrid vigour – 4.887).
Kumaret al. (2000) estimated heterosis and heterobeltiosis of high yielding and robust CSR bivoltine parents and their hybrids. It was found that hybrids exceeded their parents in many characters with significant positive heterosis over mid parent value (MPV) and better parent value (BPV). Among the three productive hybrids, increased hybrid vigor over MPV was well manifested in CSR3 × CSR6 for pupation rate, cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio indicating its superiority.
Singh et al. (2000) studied hybrid vigour in twenty seven crosses over mid parent value. High heterosis was observed in B104 × KA (16.47%) followed by A104 × NB4D2 (14.94%) and A101 × NB4D2 (11.28%). Highly significant hybrid vigour for cocoon shell weight was observed in B103 × KA (32.75%) followed by B102 × CC1 (27.86%) and B104 × KA (14.71). Heterosis effect for cocoon shell ratio was higher in B103 × KA (18.50%) followed by B104 × KA (8.37%) and B102 × CC1 (5.49%).
Kumar et al. (2000) selected CSR bivoltine hybrid material for estimation of heterobeltosis at 25 ± 10C and 36 ± 10C temperature. At 36 ± 10C the parental breeds CSR2, CSR3, CSR4, CSR5, and CSR6 did not pupate. On the other hand, parents viz. CSR18 and CSR19, survived at 36 ± 10C and its heterosis and heterobeltosis could be calculated both at and 36 ± 10C and 25 ± 10C.
Babu et al. (2001) studied thirty different crosses of silkworm and evaluated them for their mid and better parent heterosis for silk productivity. Hybrid APS13 × APS8 and APS5 × APS8 showed higher heterosis for silk productivity and were identified for commercial exploitation. 
Malik et al. (2001) made heterotic studies on the combination of the bivoltine strains for six economic traits. Two combinations B38 × C108 and J122 × B38 were found heterotic for four economic traits. 
Farooq et al. (2002) made heterotic studies on ten selected divergent bivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori L. genotypes; C108, Gonkomonrie, Hualak, J112, Sanish, M42, Jam10, KA, NB4D2 and P5. The mean square of treatments of parents and hybrids were found highly significant indicating considerable variability. Most of the F1 crosses made from these silkworm breeds exhibited significant and desirable heterosis over mid parent value (MPV) and better parent value (BPV).
Narayanaswamy et al. (2002) selected 28 F1 hybrids developed form seven multivoltines and four bivoltines silkworm breeds in a line × tester fashion through heterosis breeding. Hybrid P2D1 × NB18 recorded highest negative stand and heterosis for fifth instar and total larval duration. They also recorded superiority in ERR for hybrids P2D1 × NB18 and KJ × KA.
Boyko et al. (2004) studied heterosis in several quantitative traits of cloned breeds, the inter breed silkworm hybrids were exposed to electromagnetic irradiation during post diapause embryonic development. The authors found that resistance to low intensity and high frequency irradiation in hybrids was higher than parental forms.
Rao et al. (2004a) evolved SD7 and SD12 breeds for shorter larval duration. SD7 and SD12 recorded 516 and 511 hr of total larval duration; 152 and 146 hr fifth instar larval duration; 91.00 and 90.93 per cent pupation; 1.810 and 1.765 g cocoon weight; 0.427 and 0.411 g shell weight; 23.62 and 23.30 per cent shell ratio and 577 and 572 eggs/laying. While as, CSR2 and CSR5 recorded 548 and 538 h larval duration; 176 and 168 h fifth instar larval duration; 89.93 and 89.83 per cent pupation; 1.814 and 1.808 g cocoon weight; 0.410 and 0.411 g cocoon shell weight; 22.64 and 22.74 per cent shell ratio and 562 and 540 eggs/laying. 
Rao et al. (2004b) studied the seasonal performance of CSR2, SR1, SR4 and SR5 during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. All the breeds performed better over KA and NB4D2 in respect of pupation rate, cocoon yield, cocoon weight, cocoon shell ratio and filament length. 
Rao et al. (2005) evaluated general and specific combining abilities among popular and newly evolved thermo-tolerant bivoltine breeds and their hybrids through diallel crossing system under high temperature (36 ± 1°c) and low humidity (50 ± 5% RH) conditions. The evaluation results for 8 quantitative traits revealed that among 12 breeds, breed SR1, SR3, SR4, SR5 and SR6 exhibited positive GCA effects for majority of the traits studied. Among 66 hybrids studied, one hybrid SR1 × SR4 showed positive SCA effect for seven traits and three hybrids namely SR3 x NB4D2, CSR2 × SR5 and SR4 × CSR4 exhibited highly significant (P<0.01) SCA effects. The most promising hybrid SR1 × SR4 was selected for laboratory evaluation.
Petkov et al. (2006) analyzed in detail the quantitative selection characters variability in sex-limited lines and F1 hybrids. The pupation ratio, filament thickness and silk ratio characters comparatively showed low values of co-efficient of variability in pure lines when compared to F1 hybrids where as filament length and cocoon yield characters exhibited higher values.
Choudhary & Singh (2006) evaluated polyvoltine × bivoltine hybrids through evaluation index method. It was found that two hybrids BL68 × CSR12 and 96 H × CSR17 exhibited evaluation index value > 50 for seven characters during spring season, however hybrid BL67 × CSR2 scored E.I. value > 50 for all the characters studied during the same rearing. Among polyvoltine x bivoltine crosses, hybrids BL67 × CSR2, 96H × CRS17 and BL68 × CSR12 exhibited average evaluation index > 50 for seven economic characters.
Pallavi & Basavaraja (2007) selected a suitable foundation crosses for utilization in bivoltine double hybrid. Based on pupation and cocoon yield, oval and dumbbell type foundation crosses viz., CSR2 × CSR5, CSR17 × CSR21, CSR17 × CSR46, CSR27 × CSR46, CSR46 × CSR2 and CSR46 × CSR21 (oval type) and CSR4 × CSR26, CSR6 × Gen2, CSR26 × CSR47, CSR26 × Gen2, CSR47 × CSR26 and Gen2 × Gen26 (dumbbell type) were short listed for the preparation of double hybrids. 
Zhao et al. (2007) evaluated Bombyx mori L. hybrids 873 × 874 for spring and autumn seasons. Breeding results showed that, silkworm reared in temperature above 320C affected the quality of cocoons and silk contributing characters decreased markedly. Temperature beyond 320 C had marked effect on number of nonviable eggs which increased drastically.
Begum et al. (2008) tested twelve bivoltine breeds for twenty-one traits and their performance was statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. Silkworm breeds were short-listed by using multiple trait evaluation method for eleven characters. Two breeds, BV183 (SMGS1) and BV262 (SMGS9) recorded average E.I value> 50 for ten and nine traits respectively.
Seshagiri et al. (2009) studied hybrid vigour in thirty crosses over mid parent value and better value. High heterosis was recorded in six combinations, APMG1 × APS8, APMG1 × APS45, APMG3 × APS12, APMW1 × APS8, APMW2 × APS8 and APMW4 × APS45 for all the economic traits over mid parent value. The hybrid combinations APMW2 × APS45 with seven traits and APMG1 × APS8, APMG1 × APS12, APMG3 × APS12 and APMW1 × APS8 exhibited positive heterosis for six out of nine traits over better parent heterosis. Further for EI values, two new hybrids, APMW1 × APS8 (59.58) and APMG1 × APS8 (58.68) were adjudicated as superior heterotic hybrid combinations.
Dayananda et al. (2011) studied six new bivoltine hybrids along with control hybrid under simulated conditions of farmers on a large scale for various economic traits. The hybrids evaluated expressed varied degree for their economic traits over control hybrid, CSR2 × CSR4. Among the hybrids evaluated, two hybrids viz., CSR50 × CSR51 (67.25) and D2 × D13 (53.84) recorded average E.I. values more than fifty. New hybrids recorded improvement over control in respect of cocoon yield (28.17 and 10.81 %), single cocoon weight (18.59 and 4.75 %), cocoon shell weight (25.65 and 7.59 %), cocoon shell percent (6.00 and 2.66 %) and filament length (18.13 and 6.53 %) besides uniformity in cocoon size. Overall data indicated the superiority in the performance of CSR50 × CSR51 under field conditions in comparison to other hybrids studied.
Gangawar (2011) evaluated seasonal response of ten bivoltine silkworm hybrids developed at West Bengal- P5 × KB, P5 × KPG-B, NB4D2 × NB18, P5 × NB18, KPG-B × NB7 for spring KPG-B × NB18, NB18 × P5, NB18 × NB7, SH6 × NB18 and KA × NB18 for summer season on the basis of climatic factors and checked their economic traits under U.P climatic conditions. The selected breeds were reared and data collected for nine parameters viz. hatching percentage, yield / 10000 larvae by number, by weight, survival percentage, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell percentage, total larval duration, filament length and reelability percentage. On the basis of results, hybrid P5 × NB18 and KA ×NB18 were found to be better for spring and summer seasons of Uttar Pradesh.
Kumar et al. (2011) studied the magnitude of heterosis over mid and better parents in fifty bivoltine hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L. for eight important economic traits under varying environmental conditions. The expression of both relative heterosis and heterobeltiosis was higher in summer (8.97 and 6.71%), followed by rainy (5.87 and 3.42%) and winter (2.13 and 0.03%) seasons. Differential behaviour of various hybrids in different environments for the expression of heterosis was also recorded. This study was carried out in three environments and it was found that four hybrids depicted consistent superior performance under all the environments and hybrid CSR17 × CSR16 was suggested for commercial exploitation. The authors further suggested the superiority of identified hybrid, particularly over the better parent as useful in determining the feasibility for the commercial exploitation of heterosis as well as in identifying the parental combinations for producing the highest level of transgressive segregants. 
Lakshmi et al. (2011) made an attempt in the development of thermo-tolerant bivoltine hybrid, HTO5 × HTP5. Fifty hybrid combinations involving 10 parents (5 each of oval and peanut shape) were evaluated in complete diallel pattern and combination HTO5 × HTP5 was identified as most promising. This hybrid showed economic merit for fecundity – 519 eggs/laying; cocoon yield per 10000 larvae by weight – 17.2 kg; survival rate – 94.0 per cent - single Cocoon weight – 1.833 g; single Shell weight – 0.399g; shell percentage – 21.7 per cent; filament length – 996 m; reelability – 85.0 per cent and neatness – 89 points.
Panday et al. (2012) attempted second silkworm rearing during September month of autumn season, in Kandi Belt of Jammu under sub-tropical climatic conditions by adopting package of improved bivoltine cocoon production technology and obtained average filament length of 924 meters in RSJ3 × RSJ1against 832 meters of SH6 × NB4D2,denierwas 2.5, finer than SH6 × NB4D2, which recorded 2.87d. RSJ3 × RSJ recorded a renditta of 4.03kg against 4.13 of SH6 × NB4D2. These results showed that RSJ3x RSJ1 performed better than SH6 x NB4D2during autumn season under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu and Kashmir.
Gawade (2012) studied heterosis in four bivoltine hybrids: CSR3 × CSR6, CSR16 × CSR17, PM × CSR2 and CSR2 × CSR4. During the study it was observed that hatching and survival percentage were highest in CSR16 × CSR17. Minimum days of larval duration were recorded in PM × CSR2. Growth rate was best in CSR16 × CSR1. Weight of mature larva was highest in CSR16×CSR17. Among four hybrids, CSR16 × CSR17 showed superiority in economic traits of cocoon weight and shell weight and in morphomatrix, it recorded highest length and width of cocoon.
Reddy et al. (2012) assessed the performance of bivoltine silkworm hybrids involving parental foundation crosses (FCs) of different generation. Four bivoltine breeds of dumb-bell, (CSR6and CSR26) and oval, (CSR2 and CSR27) were utilized for preparation of dumbbell, CSR6 × CSR26 (FC1) and oval, CSR2 × CSR27 (FC2). The FCs were inbred over generations. By utilizing inbred FCs of different generation, possible hybrids / crosses between dumbbell × oval inbred FCs (FC1 × FC2) were prepared by employing half diallel method. The results clearly showed that hybrids involving FCs up to F3 generation were at par with the hybrids involving FCs of F1 generation. However, reduction in majority of characters and more cocoon variability was recorded in hybrid combinations involving FCs at F4 generation. Based on the results, it was inferred that the hybrids involving parental FCs up to F3 can be utilized for commercial exploitation. 
Tribhuwan Singh et al. (2012) found that systemic and planned hybridization with improved farming and rearing practices helped a great deal in increasing the productivity of silk. By utilizing the known and established breeding material, the objective of synthesizing new breeds were easily realized by the application of appropriate selection pressure for desirable combinations of genes. The reciprocal crossing of two breeds were observed to be good in some characters and poor for some other characters. The segregation of characters at indefinitely large number of loci in F2 generation enabled the breeder to select the desirable combination of characters and reject the individual with undesirable characters.
Ilyas et al. (2013) conducted an experiment to evaluate the performance of bivoltine mulberry silkworm hybrids under Marathwada conditions. The bi x bi hybrid CSR16 × CSR17 was found significantly superior in hatching (95.22%), larval weight (45.08 g), single cocoon weight (1.98 g), single shell weight (0.393 g) and cocoon yield/10000 larvae brushed (18.55 kg). Based on overall performance it was concluded that bivoltine hybrid CSR16 × CSR17 reared on mulberry variety V1 is the most suitable for rearing under Marathwada conditions.
Mukherjee et al. (2013) carried out study on heterosis over mid and better parent value for some important commercial characters of 15 hybrids. The hybrids were reared during unfavourable seasons. Hybrids N × M9A, N × M6M81, N × O, and N × M6DPC, showed significant mid parent heterosis for various traits. Significant values for ERR, single cocoon weight and single shell weight was observed for better parent value. Among the hybrids, N × M6DPC and M × M6M81 were significant for various economic traits and were found to be superior over both mid and better parent values.
Ahmad et al. (2013) evaluated 50 F1 hybrids and short listed five hybrids viz., NB4D2 × CSR2; CSR4 × Chaung Naung; Chaung Naung × APS8; Pam106 × Chaung Naung and NB4D2 × APS9 based on the Evaluation Index Values for summer rearing season under temperate climatic conditions of Kashmir. The results indicated that silkworm races NB4D2, CSR4 and Pam106 were found as best female parents while as races CSR2, APS8 and APS9 acted as best male parents. Race Chaung Naung proved as best female as well as male parent.
Joshi & Sisodiya (2013) maintained multivoltine HM and bivoltine race NB18 for number of generations to improve their racial characters and developed a multivoltine hybrid HM × NB18. Significant improvement in fecundity from (450 to 537), weight of ten mature larvae (from 35 g to 43 g), effective rate of rearing (from 57.8% to 80%) and percentage of good cocoons from (46.3% to 64.5%) was recorded. Single cocoon weight and shell percentage ratio also improved from 1.3701g to 1.936g, 22.1 to 27.3% respectively.
Reddy et al. (2014) evolved a series of productive bivoltine breeds with higher survival and cocoon shell percentage. By systematic evaluation of large number of crosses, productive hybrids namely CSR2 × CSR4, CSR2 × CSRS, and CSR16 × CSR17 with cocoon shell percentage of 23-24; raw silk recovery of 18-19 per cent and 2A- 3A grade silk were developed. Significant improvements was noticed in raw silk recovery, filament length and renditta in all hybrids and were authorized for rearing in favorable months on V1 mulberry variety with assured irrigation adopting recommended rearing technology package.
Gadgala & Singh (2015) analyzed the seasonal rearing performance of bivoltine hybrids viz., SH6 × NB4D2, APS12 × APS45, and FC1 × FC2 at farmers’ level under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu (J&K) and obtained that hybrids, FC1 × FC2 and APS12 × APS45 showed better performance with respect to single cocoon, shell weight and shell percentage.
Wang et al. (2015) analyzed the differential gene expression in different hybrids and parents of Bombyx mori L. The results revealed significant changes in gene expression in the fat body involving biological regulation, cellular and metabolic processes. Consistent trends in expression patterns covering different hybrid combinations in 74 genes. Most of the heterosis rates showed that crosses F1 offspring had more favorable economic traits than those of the reciprocal cross F1 (including the length and diameter of silk fiber and F1 females had higher heterosis for cocoon shell, whole cocoon, pupal weights and diameter of silk fiber than males. It was also seen that heterosis of males for cocoon shell percentage and length of fiber was higher than females.
Maqbool et al. (2015) reared twenty-eight bivoltine silkworm lines viz., New Race, Pure81, Pampore5, J122, Meigitsu, JA1, 14M, SPJ2, J2M, B38, CSGRC5, Belkokona II, Sheiki II, Sannish, A, Jam 18, Jam 21, JD6, YS3, NJ3, NCD, NB18, NB4D2, CSR2, CSR4, SH6, SRC, JBEL during spring and summer seasons. The results showed that the breeds J2M, A and NCD were supremefor several traits during spring while as, breeds CSGRC5, New race, JA1 and Jam 21 surpassed the check breeds (NB4D2 and SH6) in number of metric traits during summer. The breeds Sheiki II, Pampore5, J122, Meigitsu, 14M, NJ3, NB18, CSR2 and CSR4 were significantly superior to the check breeds in several traits in both spring and summer seasons.
Bhat et al. (2017) evaluated eight newly evolved silkworm, Bombyx mori L. hybrids SK28 × SBNP1, SK30 × SBNP1, SK6 × SBNP1, SH6 × KA, SH6 × NB7, NB18 × KA, NB4D2 × SH6 and SH6 × NB4D2for their performance in eight metric traits viz., fecundity, hatching, larval weight, yield per 10,000 larvae by number and by weight, single cocoon weight, single shell weight and shell ratio (%). Four hybrids viz., SK28 × SBNP1, SK6 × SBNP1, NB4D2 × SH6 and SK30 × SBNP1, exhibited better performance during summer season based on higher Index Value (˃50) and were suggested for field rearing.
Buhroo et al. (2017) evaluated eleven popular bivoltine silkworm breeds viz., CSR2, NB4D2, SK1, CSR4, DUN6, SH6, SK6, CSR19, SK28, DUN22 and SK31 for their performance during spring season. The data generated in respect of different traits during two years was recorded replication wise and pooled. Six breeds viz., NB4D2, SK1, SH6, SK6, SK28 and SK31 were short-listed on higher EI values (>50) and suggested that these breeds can be used for the preparation of season specific hybrids to push up bivoltine silk productivity under specified environmental conditions in the Kashmir valley.   
Gowda et al. (2017) evaluated 113 bivoltine silkworm breeds for their performance during winter season based on 12 important quantitative traits. After preliminary screening, and on per se performance, top performing breeds were identified after evaluating many economic parameters. The selected bivoltine breeds were analyzed for their consistency in expression of the quantitative traits by adopting multiple trait evaluation index method. Among the identified bivoltine breeds, BBE0272 expressed better performance in 8 parameters where as the remaining 5 accessions (BBE0197, BBE0222, BBE0187, BBE0186 and BBI0235) were found performing better in 7 economic parameters only.
Sajgotra et al. (2017) carried out evaluation of the twenty-eight silkworm bivoltine hybrids raised by involving half (8 × 8) diallel set of bivoltine breeds in order to identify the thermotolerant, adaptable, high yielding hybrids suited for sub-tropical climate. The evaluation of hybrids was done on heterosis worked at mid parent value. Maximum heterosis was depicted by non-breakable filament length (37.75) followed by filament length (35.62), cocoon yield (by weight) (35.22), larval weight (28.21), single shell weight (24.46) and cocoon weight (17.10). On the basis of significant heterosis displayed for thirteen important commercial parameters, four hybrid combinations ND5 × PO1 (Cumulative heterosis 362.83), ND5 × PO3 (Cumulative heterosis 323.17), PO1 × Udhey6 (Cumulative heterosis 291.31) and PO1 × Udhey3 (Cumulative heterosis 250.42) were identified to be heterotic.

CONCLUSION

The existing tropical and sub – tropical situation provides scope for exploiting multivoltine x bivoltine hybrid at commercial venture as they are hardy and have tremendous ability to survive and reproduce under varied or fluctuating environmental climatic conditions. Improvement of breeds necessarily means selection of desirable genes in appropriate combinations, which contribute to the overall genetic worth of the population. With respect to the economic value, the focus should be on all the genes affecting the traits thereby contributing to the viability and productivity. Therefore, selection of hybrid combinations emphasizes the need to organize the genetic material in a way that helps to improve the manifestation of commercially important traits. This can be achieved precisely by adopting a strategy by setting up a common index giving adequate weightage to all the component traits manifested among an array of hybrids. In view of this, all the major traits have been considered together to obtain the aggregate index value, since exclusion of any one trait can result in negative situation.

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